tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-70114303299425085462024-03-08T03:01:59.845-08:00How to write essayMarine Science Essay Topicsjacquelynschmidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17222316575976121981noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7011430329942508546.post-4200200801115273542020-08-24T11:37:00.001-07:002020-08-24T11:37:04.027-07:00Sample Guide Sketchup Free Essays1-Close ALL Applications and go disconnected 2-Open GoogleSketchUpProMEN. DMG and Install (This is adaptation 8. 0, in Trial mode, downloaded legitimately from the Sketchup site â⬠May 2011) 3-Once Installed, however not Opened: A-Goto HD/Applications/Google Sketchup 8/SketchUp B-Right-click Sketchup and select â⬠Show Package Contents C-Goto Contents/MacOS/D-Replace the SketchUp record with Sketchup from the Cracks organizer 4-Do a similar method on both LayOut and Style_Builder â⬠Right snap, Show Package Contents, goto Contents/MacOS and supplant the particular documents with the Cracked adaptations. We will compose a custom paper test on Test Guide Sketchup or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now â⬠Making sure you are still disconnected, open Sketchup and keep a note of the specific Time you opened it! A-Goto SketchUp/File/Preferences/General and un-tick Automatically Check for refreshes. 6-Close Sketchup will have now made shrouded documents for which it relies upon to lapse the Trial. For the accompanying you should show concealed records in Finder. On the off chance that you donââ¬â¢t realize how to do that, best do your own examination. 7-With shrouded records appeared in Finder: A-Goto HD/Library/Application Support/ In Finder, request the records segment by Date Modified, you should locate a concealed document looking something like this . hkzftzgrc It might have an alternate variety of lettering however in the event that it was Modified a similar time you ran Sketchup, at that point thatââ¬â¢s the document you need to Lock. (Select the document, Press Command-I, and tick the Lock box) B-Goto HD/(your username)/Here again you should locate another concealed record looking like . hkzftmgrc . Ensuring it was made a similar time you opened Sketchup, lock this one as well. â⬠Extra safety measures â⬠itââ¬â¢s been proposed to bolt â⬠HD/(your username)/Preferences/com. google. sketchuppro8. plist â⬠however this will likewise bolt ALL your preset alternatives inside Sketchup. Iââ¬â¢m not certain this is essential. Additionally a document to Lock might be made here â⬠HD/(your username)/Caches/com. google. sketchuppro8/Cache. db â⬠yet it was not created on my establishment And It wouldnââ¬â¢t hurt either to un-tick ââ¬ËCheck For Updatesââ¬â¢ in LayOut and Style_Builder Thatââ¬â¢s it, trust it works for you, Enjoy! Step by step instructions to refer to Sample Guide Sketchup, Papers jacquelynschmidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17222316575976121981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7011430329942508546.post-87573824566175110142020-08-22T01:14:00.001-07:002020-08-22T01:14:23.930-07:00Oh yeah Essay Example For StudentsGracious better believe it Essay David OcampoHonor English IV2/21/02The Use of Sound in Shakespeares Sonnetsby Barbara Herrnstein Smith This article contends that Shakespeares utilization of the meter, or general structure of sounds, in his verse is as huge to his style as his illustrations, non-literal language, and pictures. Shakespeare utilized created methods, in any case, he executed them all the more adequately. Shakespeare had the option to execute the rhyming to sound common, like regular discourse, as opposed to fake and mechanical, as it normally sounds. Shakespeare was likewise ready to control words to make melodic sounds with blends and redundancies of vowel and consonant sounds. The article expresses that Shakespeare had the option to ace the melodic possibilities of the language. This was flawlessly executed through his utilization of complex circulations of phonetic components, and working with the inside beat, creating the genuine congruity of very much tuned sounds. Additionally, Shakespeare had the option to control the versifying meter to sound like common discourse. Conventional versifying meter verse tends to sound fake and mechanical. Be that as it may, Shakespeare was capable enough to overwhelm the methods of English verse and, in this way, had the option to keep away from the contorted characteristic accentuation of discourse and sidestepped the mechanical normality of pounding in such verse. TIPS FOR WRITING YOUR REPORT?Plan the report. Select a thought or theme for your report. Assemble data for your report. Distinguish the data you need to remember for your report. Recollect you ought to have in any event three different ways to help the fundamental thought of your report. Incorporate subtleties and explicit data that will assist you with coming to your meaningful conclusion. Compose a draft. Audit what you have composed. Give perusing the report a shot uproarious. It can assist you with getting botches. Check spelling and accentuation. Each sentence should start with a capital letter and end with a period, question mark, or shout mark. Make the last report. ?Include intrigue. Use diagrams and outlines to represent a thought. Incorporate an image, photograph, drawing, or guide. Discover a citation, and use it to come to your meaningful conclusion. ?Make the most of each word. Pick words your peruser will comprehend. Recollect you need to impart your plan to the individual perusing your report. Stay away from clichs. Utilize a thesaurus to supplant exhausted words and find better approaches to communicate your thoughts. Words/Pages : 359/24 jacquelynschmidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17222316575976121981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7011430329942508546.post-23575506180806836282020-07-20T08:40:00.001-07:002020-07-20T08:40:03.134-07:00An Overview of Emotionally Focused Couples TherapyAn Overview of Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy More in Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems LGBTQ Violence and Abuse Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) is a short-term (eight to 20 sessions) and structured approach to couples therapy developed by Drs. Sue Johnson and Les Greenberg in the 1980s. It is grounded in research while focusing on negative communication patterns and love as an attachment bond.?? Attachment Theory Attachment between people typically provides a safe haven: a retreat from the world and a way to obtain comfort, security and a buffer against stress. Attachment also offers a secure base, allowing you to feel safe while you explore the world and learn new information. Its formation begins in childhood with a primary caretaker, such as a parent.?? Those early, established patterns carry through to adulthood. An unavailable caretaker creates distress in a baby akin to an unavailable partner creating distress in an adult. Attachment theory provides the emotionally-focused therapist with a road map to the drama of distress, emotions, and needs between partners. Grounded in Science According to the website dedicated to EFT, a substantial body of research outlining the effectiveness of this treatment exists.?? It is now considered one of the most (if not the most) empirically validated forms of couples therapy. Research studies have found that 70-75% of couples undergoing EFT successfully move from distress to recovery, and approximately 90% show significant improvements. This recovery is also quite stable and lasting, with little evidence of relapse back into distress. EFT is being used with many different kinds of couples in private practice, university training centers, and hospital clinics. It is also quite useful with various cultural groups throughout the world. The distressed couples who may benefit from EFT include those where one or both partners suffer from depression, addiction, post-traumatic stress disorders, and chronic illness, among other disorders. EFT has proven to be a powerful approach for couples dealing with infidelity or other more traumatic incidents, both current and past. Neuroscience also intersects attachment theory and EFT. More recently produced MRI studies demonstrate the significance of secure attachment.?? Our attachments are potent, and our brains code them as âsafety.â According to an article on EFT in Social Work Today, any perceived distance or separation in our close relationships is interpreted as danger.?? Losing the connection to a loved one threatens our sense of security. Primal fear ensues and sets off an alarm in part of our brain called the amygdala, also known as the fear center. Once the amygdala is activated, it triggers our fight-or-flight response. When incoming information is familiar, the amygdala is calm. However, as soon as the amygdala encounters threatening or unfamiliar information, it increases the brainâs anxiety level and focuses the mindâs attention on the immediate situation. People go into a self-preservation mode, often doing what they did to survive or cope in childhood. This is the reason we are triggered as adults in our romantic relationships, in the same repeating (and unhealthy) patterns from our formative years. EFT can help to unwind these automatic, counter-productive reactions. Fostering Healthy Dependency EFT provides a language for healthy dependency between partners and looks at key moves and moments that define an adult love relationship. The primary goal of the model is to expand and re-organize the emotional responses of the couple. New sequences of bonding interactions occur and replace old, negative patterns such as âpursue-withdrawâ or âcriticize-defend.â?? These new, positive cycles then become self-reinforcing and create permanent change. The relationship becomes a haven and a healing environment for both partners. Creating a Secure Bond The process reduces couplesâ conflict while creating a more secure emotional bond. Couples learn to express deep, underlying emotions from a place of vulnerability and ask for their needs to be met. Partners begin to view undesirable behaviors (i.e., shutting down or angry escalations) as âprotests of disconnection.â Couples learn to be emotionally available, empathetic and engaged with each other, strengthening the attachment bond and safe haven between them. EFT has many strengths as a therapeutic model. First, it is supported by extensive research.?? Second, it is collaborative and respectful of clients. It shifts blame for the couples problems to the negative patterns between them, instead of the couples themselves (or the partners). Finally, the change process has been mapped into a clearly defined process consisting of nine steps and three change events that help guide the therapist and track progress. If you are looking for help with a distressed relationship, an EFT trained therapist would be a wise choice. There are also several books that might be of interest. Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy For Dummies by Brent Bradley and Jamies Furrow, Hold Me Tight: Seven Conversations for a Lifetime of Love by Sue Johnson, or An Emotionally Focused Workbook for Couples: The Two of Us by Veronica Kallos-Lilly and Jennifer Fitzgeralds are all good places to start. The Best Online Marriage Counseling Programs jacquelynschmidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17222316575976121981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7011430329942508546.post-34159065474497781402020-05-21T22:34:00.001-07:002020-05-21T22:34:05.379-07:00Evaluation Of A Research On Formative Feedback - 888 Words 3. Reviews/Commentaries Shute,V. (2008). Focus on formative feedback. Review of Educational Research, 78(1), 153-189. Shute conducts an extensive literature review of the research on formative feedback because despite extensive investigation, the author proposes, is still misunderstood due to conflicting findings and inconsistent pattern results. The focus of this review is that feedback must be ââ¬Å"delivered correctlyâ⬠to be effective. Therefore, Shute offers a twofold proposal: to understand the features, functions, and interactions of feedback in relation to learning and to use the findings to create guidelines for generating effective formative feedback. The focus of this study is primarily on performing tasks and the identified issues are several. Correct delivery of feedback is defined and guidelines are proposed since most research on this subject concludes that feedback can enhance learning considerably if delivered correctly. The interaction of task and student characteristics is investigated to address the major gaps in understanding that still exist, inclusively, instructional context in the efficiency of feedback. The author defines formative feedback (FF) as information intended to change a studentââ¬â¢s thinking or behavior to improve learning. It ought to be specific, helpful, timely, and not judgmental. Types of FF are: confirmation of a correct answer, clarification of the accurate response, clues, and work examples. Previous research by Swam (1983) found thatShow MoreRelatedElements Of Formative Assessment987 Words à |à 4 PagesWhat is formative assessment? Formative assessment seems to stand in contradiction to traditional modes of summative assessment in schools. Michael Scriven first introduced the term ââ¬Ëformative evaluationââ¬â¢ in 1967, but Benjamin Bloom elaborated upon its distinction from summative assessment: ââ¬ËQuite in contrast is the use of formative evaluation to provide feedback and correctives at each stage in the teaching-learning process. By formative evaluation we mean evaluation by brief tests used byRead MoreError Types For Corrective Feedback1512 Words à |à 7 PagesError types for corrective feedback. Research on the error types that need corrective feedback has reported mixed findings, indicating that while corrective feedback influenced the improvement of linguistic knowledge, its effects depended on the types of errors. Ferris (2006) categorized errors into five major groups (verb errors, noun errors, article errors, lexical errors, and sentence errors) and reported that students who received feedback only reduced the incidents of verb errors. Van BeuningenRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Technology Based Assessment758 Words à |à 4 Pagesensuing newsletter will discuss the positive including negative incommodity toward of technology based assessments such as formative assessments, criterion based assessments, curriculum based measurements. Additionally, present a summary regarding which technology examination I perceive are beneficial concerning student literacy. Current Technology Based Assessment Formative assessment is an examination regarding literacy. Therefore, measures studentââ¬â¢s achievement in distinctive areas before educatorsRead MoreThe Professional Development Of A Teacher1631 Words à |à 7 Pagesimportance of evaluation which is one of the four key aspects I have chosen to discuss. I believe that evaluation is an extremely important aspect in relation to the professional development of a teacher. Two common types of evaluation which are carried out are peer evaluation and self evaluation. Firstly, peer evaluation allows the opportunity for teachers to receive constructive feedback and criticism in order to aid and improve the effectiveness of their teaching. Often peer evaluation is carriedRead MoreThe Summative And Formative Models Of Evaluation And Their Organizational Convenient Application777 Words à |à 4 Pagesis to discuss the summative and formative models of evaluation and their organizational convenient application. Reference from mission statement program descriptions from the previous module assignment would be utilized as an example in this paper. The paper will furnish the research based description of the purposes, members of the audience, information types, and sources of the collection of data which suits summative and formative models of the program evaluation. The paper will also identify andRead MoreThe Role Of Peer Assessment On The Classroom1496 Words à |à 6 Pagespeers.ââ¬â¢ A deeper definition comes from Black Wiliam (2001, p.2); ââ¬Å"An assessment activity can help learning if it provides information to be used as feedback, by teachers, and by their [students] in assessing themselves and each other, to modify the teaching and learning activities in which they are engaged. Such assessment becomes ââ¬Ëformative assessmentââ¬â¢ when the evidence is actually used to adapt the teaching work to meet learning needs.â⬠As aforementioned, peer-assessment is closely associatedRead MoreInstructional Research Project : Teaching Reading Comprehension Skills to Third Grade Students1266 Words à |à 6 PagesThe goal of this project was to test a unit of instruction designed to teach 3rd grade students comprehension strategies to help them become better readers. The formative evaluation investigated whether the unit was effective at teaching ten comprehension related objectives and identified areas for improvement in the unit. Evaluation Methodology Subject Matter Expert (SME) Phase. The subject matter expert read and evaluated the unit using a checklist of characteristics, and then shared her thoughtsRead MorePtlls Unit 71446 Words à |à 6 Pagesstandards. Formative Assessments (quizzes and practical tests) are used to strengthen memory recall by practice and to promote confidence in oneââ¬â¢s knowledge. In the learning process we are trying to transfer knowledge and skills to a personsââ¬â¢ memory so that they become competent to perform a task. During that process people might fail to pay attention, fail to grasp everything taught or simply forget things even though they once knew it. Most learning environments use simple Formative questions asRead MoreEffectiveness Of An Observed Structured Clinical Examination1554 Words à |à 7 Pagestheir ability of breaking bad news to patients and family, setting effective and practical goals of care with the patient, and assessing a patientââ¬â¢s mental status. Focus grou ps were also used to gain learner perspective on the training and provide feedback on what could be improved in the training sessions. Sample Procedure The targeted population was a nonrandom selection of twelve learners across the medical field that would be dealing with palliative care chosen on a volunteer basis. Within theRead MoreConsumer Behavior Research: Student Preparatory Attire Case Study1095 Words à |à 4 Pagesassumptions from a research perspective are that direct contact with consumers in a manner in which they can touch, feel, look, smell and interact with a potential set of new products would provide greater efficacy to product development. Our assumptions are that emotions, opinions, and soft logic are the driving force within this consumer universe. The product being evaluated is a new clothing line for students called Student Preparatory Attire (SPA) program. The research question being asked jacquelynschmidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17222316575976121981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7011430329942508546.post-16514214361229008842020-05-06T23:54:00.001-07:002020-05-06T23:54:26.594-07:00Deontology and Utilitarianism Essay - 1340 Words Describe the main principles of the two normative ethical theories of deontology and utilitarianism. Compare and contrast the two theories, bringing out any problems or limitations you see in each. INTRODUCTION:- Bioethicists ask these questions in the context of modern medicine and draw on a plurality of traditions, both secular and religious, to help society understand and keep pace with how advances in science and medical technology can change the way we experience the meaning of health and illness and, ultimately, the way we lve. Bioethics is multidisciplinary. It blends law, philosophy, insights from the humanities and medicine to bear on the the complex interaction of human life, science, and technology. Although itsâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Kant believes that all people come to moral conclusions about right and wrong based on rational thought. Deontological moral systems are characterized by a focus upon adherence to independent moral rules or duties. To make the correct moral choices, we have to understand what our moral duties are and what correct rules exist to regulate those duties. When we follow our duty, we are behaving morally. When we fail to follow our duty, we are behaving immorally. Deontological moral systems typically stress the reasons why certain actions are performed. Simply following the correct moral rules is often not sufficient; instead, we have to have the correct motivations. This might allow a person to not be considered immoral even though they have broken a moral rule, but only so long as they were motivated to adhere to some correct moral duty. Nevertheless, a correct motivation alone is never a justification for an action in a deontological moral system and cannot be used as a basis for describing an action as morally correct. It is also not enough to simply believe that something is the correct duty to follow. Duties and obligations must be determined objectively and absolutely, not subjectively. There is no room in deon tological systems of subjective feelings; on the contrary, most adherents condemn subjectivism and relativism in all their forms. Perhaps the most significant thing to understand about deontological moral systems isShow MoreRelatedUtilitarianism And Deontology1059 Words à |à 5 PagesUtilitarianism and Deontology are challenged in Watchmen, Adrian and Rorschach are both opposites of each other, as you can see during the film. Killing millions of innocents to save billions and maintain peace, while Rorschach believes in punishing the bad NOT the innocent. The Watchmen contains lots of violence regarding the usage of Utilitarianism and Deontology. Rorschach uses his strict rule of being moral. He will not and never change the way he views the city he lives in. He will always doRead MoreThe Between Utilitarianism And Deontology1345 Words à |à 6 Pagesof Deontology, along with Jeremy Bentham and James Mills, the founders of Utilitarianism, all attempted to answer this question. Be ntham and Millsââ¬â¢ Utilitarianism stresses maximizing pleasure and happiness in the world over pain and unhappiness. In contrast, Kantââ¬â¢s Deontology focuses on honoring duties and obligations. A moral action must be ââ¬Å"considered right and good by most peopleâ⬠(Merriam-Webster). The way Kant proposes that one achieves happiness is overall superior to Utilitarianism becauseRead MoreThe Ethics, Utilitarianism And Deontology1891 Words à |à 8 PagesIn this assignment I am going to using my class notes and hand outs to describe what ethics, utilitarianism and deontology is. I will then be explaining the arguments between organ donation and transplantation. Lastly I will be identifying the rights of individual patients the responsibilities they have. 1.1 Ethics are moral principles that affect how people make decisions and live their lives. Ethics focuses on what is the good for individuals and society. Ethics are involved in how to live a goodRead MoreCompare and Contrast Utilitarianism and Deontology622 Words à |à 3 PagesCompare and contrast utilitarianism and deontology. Utilitarianism is the principle that the correct form of action be taken to benefit the greatest number of people. Deontology is defined as the area of ethics involving the responsibility, moral duty and commitment. Both utilitarianism and deontology deal with the ethics and consequences of oneââ¬â¢s actions and behavior despite the outcome. To contrast utilitarianism and deontology, utilitarianism summarized is making the right decision followedRead MoreArgument For Criticizing Utilitarianism And Deontology1138 Words à |à 5 PagesBenny Mutoni Ethics Society Instructor: Joseph John Argument for criticizing utilitarianism and deontology In this paper, I will discuss various ethical courses of action during ethical dilemmas. I will be examining how utilitarians and deontologists use different approaches to solve ethical dilemmas, by citing the text ââ¬Å"Doing Ethics: Moral Reasoning and Contemporary Issuesâ⬠and views of philosophers such as John Stuart Mill, Immanuel Kant and Jeremy Bentham. Using these, I will develop an argumentRead MoreEthical Dilemmas Of Utilitarianism And Deontology1368 Words à |à 6 PagesAndrew Sponsler 11/4/15 Ethics Considering Ethical Dilemmas through Utilitarianism and Deontology Kantââ¬â¢s theory of deontology and Millââ¬â¢s theory of utilitarianism provide starkly different approaches to assigning moral value to ethical dilemmas, two modern dilemmas being commercial surrogacy and physician-assisted suicide. This essay will expound upon the process of deciding moral value within each ethical theory and then apply this decision process to the two ethical dilemmas. Arguments will beRead MoreUtilitarianism And Deontology And The Trolley Problem1483 Words à |à 6 Pagesconsequences, based on what is right and wrong. In this paper I will be assessing the Trolley Problem in relation to Utilitarianism and Deontology and will conclude which theory is the best way to behave given the situation. In the first paragraph, I will begin by discussing the Trolley Problem followed by the next paragraphââ¬â¢s which will explaining how Utilitarianism and Deontology would approach the situation. Furthermore, I will be discussing which theory I believe is right in re gards to the bestRead MoreUtilitarianism, Deontology, And Virtue Ethics835 Words à |à 4 Pageswas merely to determine what is right and wrong in certain situations. Although, after learning about Utilitarianism, Deontology, and Virtue Ethics, I have realized that certain characteristics of each play a role in determining what ethics truly are. Utilitarianism characterizes the definition of ethics, by making all choices have the greatest positive impact, while minimizing the risk. Deontology on the other hand would rather we not get involved because there is never a justifiable means to an endRead MoreThe Ethical Theories Of Deontology And Utilitarianism1414 Words à |à 6 Pagesso how the ethical theories of Deontology and Utilitarianism plays a part and how the ethical perspective Emotivism also plays a part. Theories and Perspective Deontology is the reason for which the act is done and the rule according to which one chooses to act (Mosser, 2013). It doesnââ¬â¢t deny that the acts that we do have consequences (Mosser, 2013). It insists that those roles should not play a part in our moral evaluation of such acts (Mosser, 2013). Utilitarianism is a natural way to see whetherRead MoreUtilitarianism, Deontology, And Virtue Ethics1586 Words à |à 7 Pagesunacceptable by our society because many United States organizations are starting to work together to stop these intolerable acts to end the suffering and pain. Ethical theories are categorized into three groups: utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics (Mosser, 2013). Utilitarianism is a system of ethical choices according to the rightness or wrongness of an action that should be judged by its consequences (Mosser, 2013). This type of philosophy suggests that an action is morally right if its jacquelynschmidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17222316575976121981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7011430329942508546.post-21339227592727872542020-05-06T08:47:00.001-07:002020-05-06T08:47:28.527-07:00Apes Chapter 3 Questions Free Essays Chapter 3 Reading Questions: 1. Core Case Study: ââ¬Å"Have you thanked your insects today? â⬠- Explain why insects are significant. Many of the earthââ¬â¢s plant species depend upon insects to pollinate them. We will write a custom essay sample on Apes Chapter 3 Questions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Carnivorous insects, such as the praying mantis, control the ââ¬Ëpestââ¬â¢ insect population. 2. What percentage of the species on this planet consists of insects? Animals? Plants? 53% are insects; 20% are other animals; 18% are plants. 3. Give three examples of how we benefit from microbes. Soil bacteria convert nitrogen gas into usable forms for plants; they decompose wastes into nutrients we use; they help produce various foods such as bread, cheese, wine, beer, and tofu. 4. What percentage of the biomass on this planet accounts for microbes? 90% of earthââ¬â¢s living mass. 5. Define the four spheres of the earth. The atmosphere is the thin membrane of air around the planet. The troposphere is the air layer about 11 miles above sea level. The stratosphere lies above the troposphere between 11-30 miles; it filters out the sunââ¬â¢s harmful radiation. The hydrosphere consists of earthââ¬â¢s water, found in liquid water, ice, and water vapor. The lithosphere is the crust and upper mantle of the earthââ¬â¢s soil. It contains nonrenewable fossil fuels, minerals, and soil, and renewable soil chemicals needed for plant life. The biosphere includes most of the hydrosphere, parts of the lower atmosphere and upper lithosphere. All parts of the biosphere are interconnected. 6. Describe the three interconnected factors that life depends on. The flow of high-quality energy; the cycling of matter or nutrients; gravity. 7. Describe what happens to all of the solar radiation that reaches the earth. Solar energy flowing through the biosphere warms the atmosphere, evaporates and recycles water, generates winds, and supports photosynthetic life. 8. Is the greenhouse effect a positive or negative issue for life on earth? Explain why. It is a positive effect because without it, the earth would be too cold to support most forms of life. 9. Explain the following terms: abiotic, biotic, range of tolerance. Abiotic consists of non-living components such as water, air, nutrients, and solar energy. Biotic consists of biological components such as producers, consumers, and decomposers. Each population in an ecosystem has a range of tolerance to variations in its physical and chemical environment. 10. Explain how limiting factors can control population size. Too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit or prevent growth of a population, even if all other factors are at or near the optimum range of tolerance. 11. What factors usually limit terrestrial populations? On land, precipitation and soil nutrients are often limiting factors. 2. What factors usually limit aquatic populations? In water, temperature, sunlight, nutrient availability, dissolved oxygen content, and salinity are limiting factors. 13. What is the overall chemical reaction for photosynthesis? 6CO2 + 6H2O (+ light energy) C6H12O6 + 6O2. 14. What is the overall chemical reaction for respiration? C6H12O6 + 6O2 ââ¬â 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP 15. Why are decomposers so significant to an ecosystem? They recycle the nutrients that make life possible throughout the ecosystem. 16. Why is biodiversity one of our most important renewable resources? Biodiversity provides us with natural resources, natural services, pleasure, and keeps the balance of the food web. 17. Describe 4 key components of biodiversity. Functional diversity includes the biological and chemical processes such as energy flow and matter recycling needed for the survival of species, communities, and ecosystems. Ecological diversity includes the variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems found in an area or on the earth. Species diversity includes the number of species present in different habitats. Genetic diversity includes the variety of genetic material within a species or population. 18. What are the five major causes of species decline? Habitat destruction and degradation, invasive species, pollution, and human population growth. 19. Summarize two approaches to sustaining biodiversity. The ecosystem approach protects populations of species in their natural habitat by preserving sufficient areas of habitats in different biomes and aquatic systems. The species approach protects species from premature extinction by indentifying endangered species and protecting their critical habitats. 20. What trophic level do decomposers consume from? Decomposers process detritus from all trophic levels. 21. What form of energy is transferred from one organism to another? Stored energy in the tissues of the organism. 22. Why would the earth be able to support more people if we ate at a lower trophic level? The energy intake would be higher because there is less loss of energy. 23. Why are there rarely more than 4 or 5 trophic levels within an ecosystem? Because the food web would not be able to sustain that great of an energy loss in successively higher levels. 24. What is the significance of net primary productivity? NPP measures how fast producers can provide the food needed by other organisms in an ecosystem. 25. What might happen to us and to other consumer species as the human population grows over the next 40-50 years and per capita consumption of resources such as food, timber, and grassland rises sharply? What are the three ways to prevent this from happening? We will end up pushing other species to extinction and reduce the biodiversity in earth. To prevent this, we can prevent population growth, find renewable energy sources, and consume food locally and at a lower trophic level. 26. Consider the diagram on page 67 (figure 3-22). Explain why desertification is so significant of an issue and relate that to the significance of net primary productivity. Dry land ecosystems are already such fragile ecosystems, and many of these delicate ecosystems have the most net productivity. 7. Describe the four types of soil horizons. The surface litter layer (O horizon) is the top layer and consists of freshly fallen undecomposed or partially decomposed leaves, twigs, crop wastes, animals waste, fungi, and other organic material. It is normally brown or black. The topsoil layer (A horizon) is a porous mixture of the partially decomposed bodies of dead plants and animals, called the humus and inorg anic materials such as clay, silt, and sand. The B and C horizons (subsoil and parent material) contain most of a soils inorganic material and lies on bedrock. 8. How does color relate to the quality of the topsoil? The color of the topsoil suggests how useful a soil is for growing crops. Dark brown or black soil is rich in organic matter and nitrogen. Gray, bright yellow or red topsoils are the opposite. 29. What are the significant properties of soil? Soil texture: particle size of components. 30. How do humans impact the hydrological cycle? We alter the water cycle by withdrawing large amounts freshwater, clearing vegetation, and eroding soils, polluting surface and underground water, and contributing to climate change. 1. Be able to diagram the entire Carbon cycle. See below 32. What is the significance of burning fossil fuels on the C cycle? Adds more carbon to the air. 33. How are Carbon and Nitrogen used by living organisms? Carbon and nitrogen make up organisms and are used in respiration by them. 34. What two natural processes convert nitrogen gas in the air to a usable form? Nitrogen fixation, Nitrification. 35. How is the C N Cycle affected by humans? We add large amounts of nitric oxide in the air and we add fertilizers to the water and soils. How to cite Apes Chapter 3 Questions, Essay examples jacquelynschmidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17222316575976121981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7011430329942508546.post-6760064090484852322020-04-26T15:20:00.001-07:002020-04-26T15:20:04.409-07:00Research critique in ventilator associated pneumonea free essay sample Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), defined as pneumonia occurring 48 72 hours after endotracheal intubation, is the most common and fatal nosocomial infection of intensive care. Risk factors include both impaired host immunity and the introduction of an endotracheal tube, which contributes to the development of VAP in the critically ill patient. VAP is associated with increased mortality and morbidity, increased duration of mechanical ventilation, prolonged intensive care unit and hospital stay, and increased cost of hospitalisation. Both the Centers for Disease Control Guidelines and Puginââ¬â¢s Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS) criteria note that diagnosing VAP requires a combination of clinical signs, impaired gas exchange, radiological changes and positive microscopy to differentiate an episode of VAP from mere colonisation. In a resource-strapped environment, semi-quantitative analysis of specimens obtained utilising a non-invasive sampling technique is an acceptable option. Specific guidelines have been developed to both prevent VAP and treat it appropriately as soon as possible. We will write a custom essay sample on Research critique in ventilator associated pneumonea or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The guidelines provide targeted strategies, while additional management of VAP includes the provision of essential care, psychosocial support, ventilatory support, enteral feeding and relevant medication including deep-vein thrombosis prophylaxis, and the prevention of complications. The Care Bundle approach offers an interventional tool to implement strategies specifically directed to the prevention of VAP and the facilitation of a team approach to improving its clinical management. The evidence available presents a strong argument to consider a team approach to reducing the incidence of VAP in our own critical care units. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), defined as pneumonia occurring 48 72 hours after endotracheal intubation, remains the most common and fatal nosocomial intensive care unit (ICU) infection among mechanically ventilated patients. 1-3 Each episode of VAP results in extended ICU and hospital stay and increased cost of treatment per patient. VAP is not particularly selective, and any patient mechanically ventilated for 48 hours is at risk of developing an episode. Patients (adults, children and neonates) who are critically ill and cannot maintain their own respiratory function adequately, or have a compromised airway, require an artificial airway to provide ventilatory support and for clearance of secretions. The indications for endotracheal intubation to facilitate mechanical ventilation to provide adequate oxygenation and respiratory support may be either pulmonary or non-pulmonary, and therefore include trauma, surgical (emergency or elective), and medical Prevention. indd 44 patients. The consequences of VAP warrant efforts to implement prevention strategies and manage each episode effectively. Ventilator-associated pneumonia Definition Pneumonia is defined as inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by infection. 3 VAP is defined as pneumonia occurring 48 72 hours after endotracheal intubation. 3 VAP is therefore also a nosocomial infection, i. e. an infection that develops 48 hours after a patient has been admitted to a hospital or health care facility. 4 The current classification scheme for pneumonia as outlined by the American Thoracic Society Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Pneumonia refers to nosocomial pneumonia as hospitalacquired pneumonia (HAP), which includes both 11/16/09 9:05:29 AM VAP and health care-associated pneumonia (HCAP). 3 Both are clinically and microbiologically distinct from community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). VAP is further defined as early-onset VAP (occurring 38à °C with no other recognised cause) â⬠¢ Leucopenia (240 or ARDS â⬠¢ ? 240 and no evidence of ARDS 0 2 Pulmonary radiograph â⬠¢ No infiltrate â⬠¢ Diffuse (or patchy) infiltrates â⬠¢ Localised infiltrate 0 1 2 Tracheal secretions Score* â⬠¢ 500 band forms November 2009, Vol. 25, No. 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 Culture of tracheal aspirate (semi-quantitative: 0 1 2 or 3+) â⬠¢ Pathogenic bacteria cultured, minimal or no growth â⬠¢ Pathogenic bacteria cultured, moderate or more growth M â⬠¢ oderate or greater growth of pathogenic bacteria consistent with that seen on original Gram stain Total score of 6 points suggests VAP 47 0 1 2 Total *Score calculated by quantifying amount of tracheal secretions on a subjective 0 4 scale multiple times per day, then summing all the patientââ¬â¢s scores for the day. Management and treatment Given the risk, incidence, increased costs and attributable mortality, measures should be employed to prevent VAP where possible. This is particularly relevant in developing countries, where VAP poses the greatest risk to patients, with the incidence measured at 41% and the crude mortality rate at 44. 9%. 14 Antibiotic therapy remains the mainstay of treating VAP and should be initiated as soon as possible once the patient has been admitted, the clinical diagnosis suspected and the required specimens collected. The choice of antibiotic/s is determined by individual patient risk factors, the institutional pathogens and specific antibiograms. 3 The process should be according to protocol and usually involves initiating empiric broad-spectrum cover in the critically ill patient, which is adjusted and preferably de-escalated once the causative pathogen has been adequately identified and the appropriate sensitivity tests performed. Inadequate or delayed initial antimicrobial Prevention. indd 47 therapy has been associated with increased mortality,15 and should therefore be specifically targeted in the institutional protocol. Critically ill patients require intravenous antibiotics. Eight days of antibiotic therapy has been proven to be effective in treating most cases of VAP, with cases caused by a non-fermenting Gram-negative bacillus such as Pseudomonas or Acinetobacter being exceptions and requiring longer duration of therapy. 3,16 A number of evidence-based guidelines have been developed in recent years to direct clinical practice in an attempt to improve patient care, and in particular care of the critically ill. Specific guidelines have been developed to both prevent VAP and treat it appropriately as soon as possible. 17-21 The guidelines provide targeted strategies, while additional management of VAP includes the provision of essential care, psychosocial support, ventilatory support, enteral feeding, relevant medication including deepvein thrombosis prophylaxis, and the prevention of 11/16/09 9:05:30 AM November 2009, Vol. 25, No. 2 SAJCC complications. A website titled VAPAWAY is dedicated to research and the prevention of VAP, and provides access to relevant information at www. vapaway. com. 22 The Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) in the USA has developed the Ventilator Care Bundle to address VAP as part of their Preventing Harm to 5 Million Lives Camapaign. 23 48 Care of the ventilated patient Strategies to prevent VAP: Recommendations3,17 VAP is preventable, and certain practices have been demonstrated to reduce its incidence and its associated burden of illness. 17 Prevention of VAP is possible through the use of evidence-based strategies intended to minimise endotracheal intubation, the duration of mechanical ventilation, and the risk of aspiration of oropharyngeal pathogens. 3 Modifiable risk factors require understanding and practical implementation. The vast amount of research findings are often overwhelming and conflicting. Having the data synthesised into evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) by a credible group of multidisciplinary critical care clinicians (such as the Canadian Critical Care Society and Canadian Clinical Trials Group) improves the accessibility of reliable evidence for application in clinical practice. Guidelines can improve the processes, outcomes and costs of critical care. 17 Successful implementation requires a team approach that embraces an active strategy to improve patient care, participation by all team members, periodic review of guidelines and a continuous process to effect change in behaviour where required. Implementing clinical practice guidelines The IHI in the US recognised a need to reduce preventable errors after the release of the Institute of Medicineââ¬â¢s 1999 report on health care-related errors. 29 The 100,000 Lives Campaign launched by the IHI in 2004 generated an unprecedented commitment to change and collaboration across the US health care industry, led to the launch of a similar programme in the UK, viz. the Saving Lives Campaign,30 and led to the expansion of the IHI programme to become the Protecting 5 Million Lives from Harm Campaign in 2006. 23 The campaign is a national effort targeted at reducing preventable deaths in US hospitals, and protecting patients from harmful events that often have lasting effects. Medical harm is defined as ââ¬Ëunintended physical injury resulting from or contributed to by medical care (including the absence of indicated medical treatment), that requires additional monitoring, treatment or hospitalization, or that results in death. Such injury is considered harm whether or not it is considered preventable, resulted from a medical error, or occurred within a hospital. ââ¬â¢24 The initiative has led to new standards of care being developed and the implementation of relevant research findings at the bedside. The Ventilator Care Bundle The Ventilator Care Bundle is one of the six key programmes of the original campaign and consists of ââ¬Ëa series of (evidence-based) interventions related to ventilator care, that when implemented together, will achieve significantly better outcomes than when implemented individuallyââ¬â¢. 31 The key components of the Ventilator Care Bundle are: The following recommendations (Tables III and IV) are a summary of the recommendations of some of the more recent literature, including the updated (2008) CPGs of the Canadian Group17 and the recommendations of Pieracci and Barie. 3 â⬠¢ Elevation of the head of the bed (30 45o)32 Note: The use of nebulised endotracheal tobramycin and the intratracheal instillation of tobramycin are not recommended for the prevention of VAP,18 but may be useful in treating tracheobronchitis. â⬠¢ eep-vein thrombosis prophylaxis. 35 D The application of a clinical guideline for the treatment of VAP was found to increase the initial administration of adequate antimicrobial treatment and decrease the overall duration of antibiotic treatment. 19 In addition, routine ventilator-associated pneumonia prevention measures were applied, including semi-recumbent body position, discontinuation of mechanical ventilation using a medical intensive care unit specific weaning protocol, avoidance of gastric distension by monitoring residual volumes following feedings, and routine inspection of ventilator circuits to remove condensate. 19 Prevention. indd 48 â⬠¢ aily ââ¬Ësedation vacationsââ¬â¢ and assessment of D readiness to extubate33 â⬠¢ eptic ulcer disease prophylaxis34 (for high-risk P patients only) Additional protocols could include: â⬠¢ A structured oral care protocol28 â⬠¢ A patient mobility component â⬠¢ Weaning protocols. Resources are available to facilitate the implementation process. 31 These include: â⬠¢ Daily goal worksheets â⬠¢ Checklists â⬠¢ Audit tools. Impact of a protocol to prevent VAP The Canadian Critical Care Trials Group suggests that ââ¬ËAlthough scientific advances have the potential to improve the outcomes of critically ill patients 11/16/09 9:05:30 AM Table III. Strategies to prevent VAP SAJCC November 2009, Vol. 25, No. 2 Physical strategies â⬠¢ trict infection control, including hand hygiene with alcohol-based hand disinfectants, gowning and gloving S minimises person-to-person transmission of pathogens3 â⬠¢ Adequate ICU staffing24 â⬠¢ Minimise endotracheal intubation where possible3 17 â⬠¢ Orotracheal route preferred to nasotracheal route 3 â⬠¢ Maintenance of orotracheal cuff pressure 20cm H2O (but 72 hours) â⬠¢ se of a closed endotracheal suctioning system for safety considerations only (decrease transmission of U infection-resistant organisms) does not prevent VAP21, 26, 27 17 â⬠¢ Closed endotracheal suctioning system changed between patients, or as clinically indicated 3 â⬠¢ Minimise the duration of mechanical ventilation â⬠¢ Daily interruption of sedation â⬠¢ Standardised weaning protocols 17, 21 â⬠¢ Circuit changes only if the circuit becomes soiled or damaged, and between patients â⬠¢ hanging of heat-moisture exchangers (HMEs) every 5 7 days or as clinically indicated (clogged with C secretions) if in use17 21 â⬠¢ Use of water bath humidification or a heated humidifier is acceptable â⬠¢ Bacterial filters are only indicated for use in patients with infectious diseases such as TB â⬠¢ Consider non-invasive ventilation if possible3 â⬠¢ Consider rotating beds, if available (kinetic bed therapy)17 â⬠¢ emi-recumbent positioning (30? 45? head up) is protective, especially during enteral feeding (prevent S gastro-oesophageal reflux and aspiration)3, 17 â⬠¢ egin enteral feeding slowly, especially during the 48 hours after initiating mechanical ventilation, to B minimise gastric reflux and potential aspiration risk3 â⬠¢ The gastric route for feeding is recommended (post-pyloric route not superior)3 â⬠¢ Oral care28 49 Pharmacological strategies â⬠¢ ropharyngeal decontamination with a topical antiseptic such as chlorhexidine has been proven to be O beneficial17 â⬠¢ Oral decontamination with povidone-iodine oral antiseptic only in patients with severe head injuries â⬠¢ imit stress ulcer prophylaxis to high-risk patients (avoid antacids and histamine type 2 antagonists, L sulcralfate and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) preferable)3 â⬠¢ Limit red blood cell transfusions in trauma and the critically ill3 â⬠¢ Targeted antibiotic administration strategies such as de-escalation and antibiotic rotation or ââ¬Ëcyclingââ¬â¢3 Note: Selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) with topical or systemic antibiotics or antiseptics has not been shown to provide benefit outside of the Netherlands, may increase the incidence of MDR infections, and is therefore not recommended for general use. 3 Strategies that have not proved beneficial include:17 â⬠¢ A systematic search for prevention of sinusitis (unless patient is intubated via the nasotracheal route) â⬠¢ Prone positioning â⬠¢ Prophylactic antibiotics (aerolised, nasal or intravenous) â⬠¢ Aerolised antibiotics â⬠¢ Intranasal mupirocin â⬠¢ Topical antibiotics â⬠¢ Post-pyloric feeding Educational strategies â⬠¢ Staff education programmes3 Prevention. indd 49 11/16/09 9:05:31 AM Table IV. Diagnosis and treatment of VAP: Recommendations18 November 2009, Vol. 25, No. 2 SAJCC Diagnosis â⬠¢ on-invasive techniques, viz. endotracheal aspirates with non-quantitative cultures, are recommended for the N diagnosis of VAP in immunocompetent patients as the initial diagnostic strategy2,6,12,18 50 Treatment Initial treatment: E â⬠¢ mpiric antimicrobial therapy v. delayed culture-directed therapy where there is a clinical suspicion of VAP3,15,18 â⬠¢ ppropriate spectrum mono-therapy for empiric therapy of VAP (single agent for each potential A pathogen)3,18 â⬠¢ Choice of antibiotics based on patient factors and local resistance patterns3,18 Duration of treatment â⬠¢ Maximum of 8 daysââ¬â¢ antibiotic therapy in patients who received adequate initial antibiotic therapy16,18 â⬠¢ onger duration of antibiotic therapy for cases of VAP caused by a non-fermenting Gram-negative bacillus L such as Pseudomonas or Acinetobacter, viz. 14 -15 days16 â⬠¢ Antibiotic discontinuation strategy based on clinical criteria for the treatment of suspected VAP3,18 â⬠¢ De-escalation of antibiotic therapy to culture-directed sensitive therapy3,18 who are at risk or who have VAP, the translation of research knowledge on effective strategies to prevent, diagnose, and treat VAP is not uniformly applied in practice in the intensive care unit. Knowledge about VAP may be used more effectively at the bedside by a systematic process of knowledge translation through implementation of clinical practice guidelines. ââ¬â¢36 Clinical practice guidelines aim to improve the quality of care, to decrease costs, and to reduce inappropriate variation in decision making in the critical care setting. 37 While there is some agreement regarding the evidence and the recommended strategies, implementation of guidelines remains a challenge in practice. In a study conducted in 2002 to establish why physicians do not follow guidelines, Rello et al. 37 found that non-adherence to guidelines for preventing VAP was common, and largely uninfluenced by the degree of evidence. The most common reasons identified were disagreement with interpretation of clinical trials, unavailability of resources and costs. 37 Implementation A team approach is essential for the successful implementation of a quality improvement initiative. The support of medical directors, nursing managers, administrators and ancillary services such as the laboratory, together with staff involvement, are key factors to success. The initiative requires a champion that will drive the process, written guidelines, userfriendly tools and regular feedback regarding the process, as well as ongoing review of the programme. Key elements are functional communication systems, accountability and continuous education of all staff. The Canadian Critical Care Trials Group promotes the concept of ââ¬Ëa systematic process of knowledge translation that incorporates knowledge about clinical preferences and behaviour change theory ââ¬â this Prevention. indd 50 process is defined as one that uses evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) and includes a guideline implementation strategy that addresses understood barriers to clinicianââ¬â¢s adherence to guidelines, and capitalizes on the facilitatorsââ¬â¢. 36 Guideline implementation strategies36 A combination of the following is required: â⬠¢ Educational material, meetings and outreach visits â⬠¢ Reminders â⬠¢ Opinion leaders â⬠¢ Computerised decision support systems â⬠¢ Audit and feedback. The strategies need to be specifically suited to the complex and dynamic ICU environment, the multidisciplinary team, the organisational climate and culture of the ICU. Sinuff et al. found that ââ¬Ëa coherent ICU team with common patient care goals and agreement with the purpose and goals of a guideline may facilitate guideline adherenceââ¬â¢. 36 Behaviour change theory can provide a framework within which to initiate the change process. Critical components include effective leadership, a collaborative team, continued education programme, an effective communication system and an audit-feedback system. Conclusion Significant improvements in quality indicators and patient outcomes have been reported by hospitals that have embraced the bundle approach and implemented the ventilator care bundle in particular. Cruden et al. 38 found that the systematic and methodical implementation of the ventilator care bundle interventions over a 1-year period in a UK hospital jacquelynschmidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17222316575976121981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7011430329942508546.post-69692721429803622702020-03-18T22:51:00.001-07:002020-03-18T22:51:02.788-07:00How To Pronounce DivisiveHow To Pronounce Divisive How To Pronounce Divisive How To Pronounce Divisive By Maeve Maddox A reader has called my attention to the changing pronunciation of divisive: I am very active in politics and frequently watch television programs which feature political topics.à One of THE most frustrating- and very common- mispronunciations I hear is with the word divisive.à I was taught that it is pronounced with a long i on the second syllable- ie: resulting in it having the same, long i sound as the word divide. Many seemingly well-educated and otherwise intelligent people pronounce it with a short i sound on the second syllable.à I have checked my hard-copy dictionaries, and they all back up my pronunciation of the word. Am I so backward that I missed out on a revolutionary new way to pronounce this word?à If not, why do so many people pronounce it incorrectly?à Do they believe it makes them appear cool- or part of an exclusive club- or something?!à Do you know when- and why- this trend started? The reader hasnââ¬â¢t missed any new ruling on how to say divisive. The standard pronunciation is still with a long i in the second syllable: di-VY-siv. Charles Elster (The Big Book of Beastly Mispronunciations) devotes two cantankerous pages to the misguided ââ¬Å"short-iâ⬠divisive, establishing the credentials of the ââ¬Å"long-iâ⬠pronunciation by citing various dictionaries. He remarks that the first time he noted the nonstandard pronunciation in the context of politics was in 1989 in G. H. W. Bushââ¬â¢s inaugural address. Within fifteen years, ââ¬Å"the erroneous pronunciation,â⬠as Elster calls it, had begun to infect otherwise careful speakers, including Robert Siegel, cohost of NPRââ¬â¢s All Things Considered, who twice said [di-VIH-siv] during an interview that aired on August 30, 2004. Elster suggests that the short-i pronunciation may have what he labels ââ¬Å"the my-pronunciationââ¬â¢s-better-than-yours appealâ⬠for some individuals, but that careful speakers will continue to pronounce the second syllable of divisive with a long i. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Based in" and "based out of"50 Nautical Terms in General Use50 Plain-Language Substitutions for Wordy Phrases jacquelynschmidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17222316575976121981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7011430329942508546.post-10983223570903378092020-03-02T14:37:00.001-08:002020-03-02T14:37:03.217-08:00Homework Invention and Transformation Key PointsHomework Invention and Transformation Key Points Invention of Homework: Who Is to Blame and Did He Hate Students That Much? Probably every student sitting over fill-in test sheets, verb lists or math problems has wondered at least once who designed the after-school learning process a.k.a. homework and why he did it. Obviously not for the love of science and learning, since such loads of homework just overburden students and make them sleepy and tired all the time. But why, then? Because students were too loud and nasty and so it was a kind of punishment to make them learn even at home? Or because a teacher was lazy, busy or absent and so students had to catch up with the curricula on their own? Well, the history of homework is not that dramatic or mysterious, but it does contain some useful insights that can benefit both students and teachers. A Bit of History Although no source provides clear mentioning of homework through the long history of education up to the 19th century, it is most probable that it existed in this or that form all along the way. Doing observations, composing verses and speeches in rhetoric in the antiquity, memorizing prayers and Biblical texts in the middle ages, acquiring knowledge about the natural world from books and from nature in times of the Industrial revolution ââ¬â it all required work beyond classroom walls. Besides, methods of teaching and available supplies before the invention of the printing press meant that most things had to be learned by heart. So information was either copied from valuable books or from teacherââ¬â¢s voice and learned after classes, or learned in class through chanting and mnemonic tools, thus being homework done in class. Some cite Marcus Quintilian, a famous Roman orator and teacher, as a first person to explicitly assign homework, but there is no clear written evidence for it. However, Quintilian was a first humanist teacher who focused on the needs of child and benefits of early education, so his influence is recognized today even without reference to homeworking. The appearance of the printing press meant that books were made available to a much wider audience, and so opportunities to make kids study after classes efficiently became wider. Fiction and non-fiction literature of early modernity sometimes mention children learning their lessons after classes to be able to recite them in class on the next day. Thus homework was in full bloom long before the thorough overhaul of education in the 19th century and the establishment of a truly comprehensive and standardized educational system. Homework Timeline In the 19th century and closer to the 20th century needs of developing economy and advances in child psychology and physiology meant that educational approaches and beliefs had to be reconsidered if they were to prepare kids for the life in new conditions. Class time was limited and standardized, a content of study aligned all across the country and made more practical, teachers were certified and the outcome of education was also outlined in measurable terms. Learning was to be intense, but class time could not host all information and activities anymore. Thus homework became an important part of education, but it also became regulated and quantified, relying not only on memorization but on independent work and creativity as well. The name of Roberto Nevilis is sometimes connected to the history of homework but he cannot be credited with inventing something that actually existed long before. It is possible that he was the first to put forward a scientific foundation for how to assign homework, but we will never know it for sure. Nevertheless, the real value and proper rationing of homework were being tested and adjusted well into the 1930s, when an explosion in psychological studies helped understand educational needs of children and how they can be nurtured and supported, not destroyed, by homework. Namely, there are benchmarks that differentiate useful homework from a homework dispensed as a punishment: Educationally useful homework is feasible (i.e. practically sound and accomplishable) It is not excessively large and difficult (part of feasibility) It is dispensed when students are independent enough to study without a teacher. These are basic requirements that apply to any kind of homework. Thus when students claim that they cannot cope with homework load because it consumes all their time it means that the first two commandments of good homework are breached and its benefits rapidly decline. But how does homework work? It is not a pun, there are scientific explanations of the process of knowledge acquisition that do point to the necessity of homework. Read them through, and you will never doubt the necessity of homework as such. Today no one doubts that proper homework helps to consolidate the freshly acquired knowledge and provides an opportunity to work independently and to find out what pace and methods of learning work out for every particular student. Thus good homework targets at achieving these goals and at enabling students to get the maximum of benefits from every topic studied. in class, the material is newly acquired and comprehended. Everything happens in time-pressed manner, where after learning new topic students are to take tests, do exercises or engage in some other unrelated kind of activities because the curriculum is wide and time is scarce; to get a better understanding of material repetitive reading and analysis are required, and they can happen out of class only. So reading and analyzing at home improves understanding and internalizing of knowledge; scholarly concepts can be tricky to grasp in class on the go, so at home, where nothing distracts and time permits, their assimilation and memorization happen more easily and naturally; memorization cannot happen immediately, every student has their own memory capacities, and what one remembers immediately, the other can memorize only after reading it a dozen times; what is repeated at time intervals and rehearsed at home is learned much better than something learned in the classroom only; homework gives time and space to be creative, to come up with new ideas, play with them, research, and so on. So indeed it is a tool of boosting creativity and independence. But we will remind again, all these good things happen only when homework is feasible and limited in time. If all free time of students is consumed by learning only, the benefits of homework turn into downsides. Besides, when assigning homework teachers and instructors need to take into consideration that acquisition and internalization of material happen through various kinds of activities, not only through reading and writing. The learning process includes several stages: initial perception understanding of perceived concepts consolidation formation of skills application of skills in practice. Every mentioned stage needs its own methods of work, and teachers are to select combinations of these methods to include into homework so that every aspect of the learning process was involved and activated. It is a complex task indeed, but if performed properly, homework turns from a nightmare into a cool journey full of discoveries and wonders. Genuine Goals of Homework Believe it or not, but homework was not created out of spite towards naughty students. It was born out of necessity and proved its value across continents and times. Different countries apply different standards in regard to the amount of homework. There were times when this load was on the rise, then the tide receded and kids had more freedom, now the high tide of a home task is back again. But no matter where properly measured and diversified homework enables students to do more than in class and to do so in comfort: students can plan their work as they want they can study without someone assessing them they do not have to haste or put a stop in the middle of a sentence to turn the test in they choose the pace and rhythm they use all the sources they need. Thus home task supports the academic activities performed in the class and provides space for more activities that help students know more and study better. Indeed, they memorize the stuff learned in class, revise and refresh in memory previously learned things and consolidate and apply newly acquired skills. Thatââ¬â¢s the goal of a good education, and homework is an integral part of the path towards it. But in addition to these purely academic benefits, homework develops in students more general life-saving skills: responsibility, self-planning and will basics of self-education research and information evaluation skills, use of various sources information processing capacities (analysis, synthesis, hypothesizing, analogy, etc.). These primary and secondary goals and benefits can all be achieved ââ¬â and are achieved ââ¬â under a proper application of homework and its types. Combination of different varieties of assignments is a key to helping students learn and not killing their curiosity. But what are these types? Optimal Types and Scopes of Homework Types of homework are the same as types of work in class, and so a combination of several of them makes home learning not so boring and more effective: Initial acquisition of information from textbooks/lectures Written exercises Oral exercises Memorization exercises Creative tasks Large written projects Craft projects Lab work, experiments, field work. Each kind of work is valuable in itself, but when put together in moderate amounts and diversified, they work wonders when assigned for home performance. If you need any kind of the above-mentioned tasks, just let us know and you will get the A-grade assignment completed as fast as you need it. Homework and Improved Education: Mission Possible? So whatââ¬â¢s the conclusion? It looks obvious now that canceling homework is implausible and senseless since it will hurt the educational process. After receiving information in class students need to consolidate it, refresh in memory and apply in practice. It all can be done successfully at home only when time permits and a student is relaxed. If all conditions of good homework are met, it will work wonders for studentsââ¬â¢ skills and grades. And of course, it is wrong to believe, as some teachers do, that homework is a way to discipline kids and teach them time management. It is not. It is neither a punishment nor a mechanical tool of oppression. It is a valuable addition to the class time that helps students learn better and learn more. But teachers should understand this role of homework and organize it properly and reasonably, in the first place. In other words, they should learn their lesson. jacquelynschmidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17222316575976121981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7011430329942508546.post-42199153416252556072020-02-15T06:04:00.001-08:002020-02-15T06:04:02.438-08:00You can make a topic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 wordsYou can make a topic - Research Paper Example Today, however, its message has changed. In his article, ââ¬Å"How Hip Hop holds Blacks backâ⬠, John McWhorter expresses his concern at the more primal effects of the present day Hip Hop music. McWhorter starts his article by detailing an experience he had at a restaurant in Harlem where he witnessed teenage African American boys behaving in an unsocial manner. Not only do the boys play loud music, shout and hurl food about, they also disregard the female manager of the restaurant who asks them to leave. They only move out of the restaurant when a male security guard asks them sternly to leave. McWhorter points out that this attitude is the product of the music that is favored by the teenagers. Hip Hop today is filled with messages that denigrate women and encourage the scorning of authority figures. It has in the past been dubbed as an ââ¬Å"angryâ⬠type of music (McWhorter 9). This is because its artists are never calm when performing it. There are no ââ¬Ëcalmââ¬â¢ Hip Hop songs. Hip Hop artists are characterized by the fact that they shout their music and make angry or antisocial gestures that in another era would have been viewed as encouraging social strif e. This music is popular with teenagers because they find a place where they can express their inwardly-held angst at changes they are experiencing that are uncomfortable without being judged. However, McWhorterââ¬â¢s point of contention is that whereas the youth of other ethnicities move on and leave Hip Hop behind as they become surer of themselves, African Americans, particularly the men, embrace Hip Hop as a lifestyle. This has resulted in the infantilization of African American men and the near collapse of the entire community. Today, there are 30 and 40 year old men such as Jay Z and P Diddy, who are glorified by the Black American community for refusing to grow up and become responsible citizens (McWhorter 9). According to McWhorter, when young Black teenagers see how these jacquelynschmidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17222316575976121981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7011430329942508546.post-56531774858844962922020-02-02T05:23:00.001-08:002020-02-02T05:23:03.075-08:00MBTI personal reflection paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 wordsMBTI personal reflection paper - Assignment Example It enables an individual evaluate the effects of personality on leadership styles within the organization. From the results obtained from the MBTI, I learned that self- assessment can foster a person to identify his leadership behavior. The ESTJs has strengths and weaknesses, which are commonly important to concentrate on before taking any position. From the assignment results, ESTJs have strengths that include honest, loyal, friendly, and direct. Individuals with ESTJ personality traits are conservatively based on their perceptions, and they are contented with expressing their views. Besides, individuals with such traits are also direct in the fact that they like concentrating on real things and providing immediate solutions to the problems. They are commonly dedicated to their work, and they ensure that any tasks are not abandoned and are completed as they remain the right thing to perform. They are strong-willed in the fact that they stick to their own beliefs and defend their ideas relentlessly, and their principles are proven clearly. To justify the strengths of ESTJs, I can use my personal experience. I realized that I am hard working, direct and honest, a project organizer, make tough decisions and presentin g constructive criticism, and meet deadlines and goals. In relation to my hard working personality trait, I ensure that I bring all people together in the community especially during the celebration of cherished local events and in defense of traditional values that can hold families and communities together. During my high school education, I also liked being direct and honest while talking with friends and other people. Even though people with ESTJ personality type are comfortable with the organization structure, they also try to inflict changes that might affect the firm. They also impose tough opinions and ideas to other people working within the jacquelynschmidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17222316575976121981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7011430329942508546.post-35121316214932858262020-01-25T01:47:00.001-08:002020-01-25T01:47:02.877-08:00The Efficacy of Lithium in Treating Bipolar Disorder Essay -- TreatmenThe Efficacy of Lithium in Treating Bipolar Disorder Lithium is a psychotropic drug that became available in 1970 as a mood stabilizing medication for the long-term treatment of bipolar disorder. It has been shown to reduce the frequency and severity of manic states, as well as the depression that is concomitant with bipolar disorder. Much research has been done in the short duration of lithium's employment to evaluate its efficacy and side effects. As stated above, "Lithium stabilizes the mood of a bipolar patient, preventing a relapse into either mania or depression" (Kalat, 2004, p.472). Bipolar disorder (also known as manic- depressive illness), is characterized by the presence of the following symptoms: motor hyperactivity, flight of ideas, elation, a diminished need for sleep, grandiosity, poor judgment, aggressiveness, and possible hostility (FDA, 2005, 4). Manic-depressives are recognized by their constant mood swings, wherein they may be overly euphoric, subsequently becoming rapidly irritable, sad, or hopeless. A person is experiencing a depressive episode if five or more of the following symptoms are experienced for most of the day, every day, for at least two weeks: difficulty concentrating, loss of interest in sex or formerly enjoyed activities, a lasting empty mood, decreased energy, difficulty making decisions, chronic pain that is not caused by physical injury, and recurring thoughts of death or suicide (MedicineNet, 2005, 3). A manic episode is diagnosed if a person displays three or more the following symptoms for most of the day, every day, for one week or more: increased energy and restlessness, extreme irritability, distractibility, unrealistic beliefs i... ... Increased Lethargy Somnolence Weakness Confusion, drowsiness Gross confusion Unsteady balance Gross ataxia Profound loss of balance Nausea Vomiting Urinary incontinence Decreased Slurred speech Random muscle twitching concentration Worsening hand Muscle twitching Coma tremor Diarrhea Note. From Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Bipolar Disorder (p.48), by Monica Ramirez Basco and A. John Rush, 1996, New York, NY: The Guilford Press. Conclusion At this point in time, it is not known exactly how lithium alleviates the symptomatology of bipolar disorder, only that it is highly effective and will be continue to be one of the primary treatments in alleviating bipolar disorder until new remedies are discovered. jacquelynschmidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17222316575976121981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7011430329942508546.post-375141073197714112020-01-16T22:09:00.001-08:002020-01-16T22:09:03.316-08:00Funtime IncStatement of Facts Funtime, Inc manufactures videogames machines. Funtime, Inc encountered decline in profits as a result of the modernized technology. To offset the decline in profits the management team focused on manufacturing economics and increased production by developing an incentive program for production managers whose contribution allowed for an increase in the amount of units produced and a decrease in its cost. The production management team improved manufacturing by increasing the number of completed units beyond normal production levels.To put together the videogame machines the assembly group required parts from the printed circuit boards (PCH) and the reading heads (RH). To achieve increased production, the parts were not carefully produced which resulted in the rejection of the parts that were not tested and modified to meet manufacturing standards. The preventive maintenance that would have been used was postponed and only emergency repair was being carried out to k eep production going.As a result of the pressure on the production group to focus on their machine there was machine downtime in the PCH and RH groups along with the demand for the parts led to more parts being rejected. Analysis Based on Funtimeââ¬â¢s newly implemented incentive program, which rewards managers for increased output and cost savings, expectations were to see an increase in output and cost savings. Numbers on the contribution report show how the incentive program is working thus far. It can be seen in the table below that the goal of increasing output is being achieved as output is 200 units over budget.Despite the increased output, the goal of decreasing cost is failing thus far. There is an unfavorable contribution margin variance to budget of $58,660. The components that are driving that unfavorable contribution margin variance are in the analysis below. Direct Materials The first component of the unfavorable contribution margin is direct materials. The contribu tion report shows that direct materials has an unfavorable variance of $40,400. Funtime uses three different material types to build the video game units. A closer look at how efficient the housing units, printed circuit boards, and the reading heads are being used can be ound in the tables below. The first table shows the actual cost that Funtime is paying for the three types of direct material versus what the standard rate says they should be paying. The housing units shows no variance between the actual cost and the standard cost but both the printed circuit boards and the reading heads are both showing an unfavorable variance totaling $13,900. To obtain their goal of increasing production levels the PCB and RH groups have begun rejecting parts that in the past would have been tested and modified to meet standards and then be used in production.Rejecting the parts and bringing in new ones is proving to increase production levels but at the same time costing Funtime $13,900 more i n direct materials than they should be paying for the month of May. The direct material usage analysis gives a picture of how many materials are being used to produce the 2,200 units of output. Using the usage table below Funtime used a total of 2,200 housing units, 4,700 printed circuit boards, and 9,200 reading heads. In the direct material usage table it is seen how those actual units compared to how many units really should have been used.Just like in the direct material cost table housing units had no variance but printed circuit boards and reading heads have an unfavorable variance. Itââ¬â¢s shown that 300 more printed circuit boards and 400 more reading heads were used than should have been. This is in line with previous analysis that due to the rushed production more PCBs and RHs are being purchased because of the high rejection rate. Direct Labor The next component that is helping to cause the unfavorable contribution margin is the direct labor cost.Just like in direct m aterial there are three different types of direct labor at Funtime and those include: assembly, printed circuit boards, and reading heads. Similar tables were used to look at the efficiency of direct labor as were used to look at direct materials. The table below shows the actual hours worked for each group versus the standard hours that should have been worked. Itââ¬â¢s seen that for the assembly group there was no variance but the PCB and RH groups both had negative variances. Because of the pressure to increase production, preventative maintenance on the machines was postponed causing machines to break down.This in turn caused abnormal machine downtime resulting in employee idle time that required the use of overtime. This explains the unfavorable variance in direct labor hours amongst the PCB and RH groups. With the requirement to work overtime hours Funtime will have to pay higher overtime rates. The table below shows us the actual rates paid versus the standard rates that s hould have been paid. As expected PCB and RH groups have an unfavorable rate variance while Assembly has a favorable variance. This caused Funtime to pay $4,860 in direct labor cost over the standard cost.Sales The last component of the unfavorable contribution margin is the variance in sales and sales price. Looking back at the contribution report it is seen that despite output and sales having favorable variance revenue actually has an unfavorable variance. This can be tied directly to sales price per unit. The table below shows clearly that Funtime is selling their product at a discount and is losing money. Funtime is selling each unit for $20 dollars less than what was budgeted for. In May they lost $44,000 for selling each unit at $20 below budget.Looking strictly at units sold in the table below it can be seen that Funtime has a favorable sales volume variance. Although they had a favorable variance, it was not enough of a favorable variance to help offset the revenue they are losing by selling each unit at a discount. This analysis clearly shows there are three main components causing the unfavorable contribution margin in the month of May. A closer look at the direct material and direct labor tables shows that the PCB and RH groups are foregoing efficiency to increase production.Because of the shift in resources from testing and modifying parts to increasing production it has resulted in just rejecting the parts altogether which is driving up direct labor cost. As well the shift in resources away from maintenance on the machines to increasing production has caused the machines to breakdown often. This has caused much employee downtime resulting in overtime hours being worked which is the main driver in the unfavorable direct labor costs. And lastly the analysis showed that Funtime is selling each unit at a discount to what the budgeted price should have been. jacquelynschmidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17222316575976121981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7011430329942508546.post-64826089423216836182020-01-08T18:32:00.001-08:002020-01-08T18:32:02.979-08:00Substance Abuse And Alcohol Abuse - 1477 Words A. Personally, I think that the biggest social issue in todayââ¬â¢s society is substance abuse. Substance abuse is a dependence on an addictive substance, such as alcohol or drugs. These addictive substances can have very serious effects and come with risky consequences when using. Using and abusing substances can lead to both short and long term effects to your health. Short term effects can include increased heart rate, tremors, mood changes and dizziness. In high dosages the effects can be even greater and last long term, long term effects can be heart attacks, strokes and potential coma. I think that substance abuse is such a big issue today because the number of users is dramatically increasing as time goes on, we are unable to get control over this horrible social issue. I truly believe that almost every community in America is affected by substance abuse and/or addiction. Substance abuse can also lead to other major social problems, such as drunk driving, violence, stress a nd abuse. Substance abuse is such a major problem when it comes to public health and safety. B. Currently, views about drug abuse and dependence have gotten to be a much more complex problem regarding treatment programs. I think that implementing some sort of treatment plan or therapy may be the first step to recovery. However, there are multiple steps that go into what may seem like a simple plan. 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From the moment the oath of enlistment is made to the time of separation or retirement, these courageous souls endure a number of amazing, historic and sometimes unbelievable events. They are praise for their service and lift even higher for their sacrifice, although most are unaware of the true sacrifices are made by some of these men and women jacquelynschmidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17222316575976121981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7011430329942508546.post-18818232799270012412019-12-31T14:58:00.001-08:002019-12-31T14:58:03.041-08:00A Pair Of Tickets By Amy Tan - 1651 Words A Pair of Tickets Amy Tan was Chinese ââ¬âAmerican, born in San Francisco to Chinese immigrants. Amy didnââ¬â¢t set out to be a writer, but she loved writing. When she wrote the Joy Luck Club, it was about stories from four different families that met every week and played mahjong, ate Chinese food, and told stories. Amy didnââ¬â¢t realize how much of these stories she absorbed growing up. Amy never set out to write about her own life, but when she began writing, she realized she had unconscientiously subsumed these stories as they started to come to life and most were intertwined with her relationship with her mother (A Conversation with Amy Tan). At the beginning of the story, ââ¬Å"A Pair of Tickets,â⬠the narrator was a teen-ager and very muchâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦She had sewn her valuable jewels and money into the clothes of her little twin girls. She fled with them, trying to get to Chungking, but she became very sick with dysentery. She could no longer carry the weight of the two toddlers. She wrote a note in hopes that some kind family would take the two girls. She left them all the jewels and money for their care, and indicated she would find them someday. When the mother got to Chungking, she found out her husband had died. Eventually the mother made her way to San Francisco, U.S.A. She remarried, and had a daughter with her new husband. Her daughter is the narrator in the story ââ¬Å"A Pair of Tickets.â⬠Amy Tanââ¬â¢s own mother, Daisy, had a history that parallels this story in many ways. Amyââ¬â¢s mother had married a scholar and they were well off. However, her motherââ¬â¢s husband wa s abusive and Daisy desperately fled her abusive husband, leaving behind three little girls. She too came to America, and settled in San Francisco. Daisy also carried a huge guilt for abandoning her girls. It was a secret history that Amy did not know about until she was an adult. (Oliver) In the story, the mother tried to locate the twin daughters she had left behind and sought help from relations back in China. Unfortunately, three months after the motherââ¬â¢s death, the girls were located. The girls had written their mother and were anxious to meet her. Their adoptive parents had told the girls about their real mother.Show MoreRelatedA Pair Of Tickets By Amy Tan964 Words à |à 4 Pagesultimate fear: her heritage. In ââ¬Å"A Pair of Ticketsâ⬠, Amy Tan illustrates that a personââ¬â¢s identity is much deeper than their skin; it is exemplified by the personââ¬â¢s actions and family. Qun Wang was right when he said ââ¬Å"Tan intermingles intercultural and intergenerational conflictâ⬠(Wang). She uses June Mayââ¬â¢s conflict between her and her cultural identity and her and her mother to illustrate the grey area of who the first generation Chinese Americans are supposed to identify. Tan also uses the setting of modernRead MoreA Pair Of Tickets B y Amy Tan936 Words à |à 4 PagesA Pair of Tickets Amy Tanââ¬â¢s short story ââ¬Å"A Pair of Tickets,â⬠has June May crossing an ocean to visit her family that she has never met, where she connects with her Chinese heritage in a way she was never able to before. On her trip, she discovers the depth and importance of her culture through her family members. The main character, June May, is a woman of Chinese heritage, from San Francisco, California. Growing up in the United States, in a very American environment, June May feels as thoughRead MoreA Pair Of Tickets By Amy Tan1092 Words à |à 5 PagesIn the story A Pair of Tickets by Amy Tan, talks about the story of Jing-Mei, the narrator, going to China to fulfill her mother s dream. This story was a reflection of Tan s life experiences when she visited China to go learn more about her background and see her sister. Going to China for the first time made her feel as she was transforming and feeling the Chinese in her that she never knew she has. She later finds out how much she cherishes her family and learns how important her cultureRead MoreA Pair Of Tickets By Amy Tan1555 Words à |à 7 Pages Jing-mei is ignorant about the people and places in China, which could be the most likely cause of her being raised in America and only knowing American culture. Setting is integral for Jing-mei to finally understand herself. 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Amy Tan is a brilliant author and has mastered the use of literary techniques such as backstory jacquelynschmidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17222316575976121981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7011430329942508546.post-65928288569106032802019-12-23T10:45:00.001-08:002019-12-23T10:45:03.420-08:00Operations Management in Business - 4031 Words Operations Management in Business Table of Contents Introduction..............................................................................................................................3 LO 1 LO1.1 Explain the importance of operational management.......................................................4 LO1.2 Explain the need to produce safely; on time; to cost; to quality and within the law......6 LO1.3 Explain the link between operations management and strategic planning.....................7 LO1.4 Produce a systems diagram to illustrate a typical business..........................................8 LO 2 LO2.1 Explain the ââ¬ËThree Esââ¬â¢ (economy, efficiency and effectiveness).................................10 LO2.2 Explainâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦4. To make materials and inventory decisions: How often should inventory be ordered and how large should inventory levels be. 5. Have to make quality decisions: As a bread producing company how Kingslice can achieve best quality outputs and what level it should be. So as the operation manger in Kingslice it is really important to concentrate on productivity and profitability. So as the operation manager I have to look at Quality, Efficiency and Effectiveness issues in the company. â⬠¢ Quality Standard: As it is expected to produce various kinds of breads to meet customersââ¬â¢ needs it is very necessary to maintain standard quality in products. Eg: Wholemeal bread, White bread, Gluten-free bread. To ensure quality, the right ingredients must be bought at a reasonable price to be competitive among the rivals. So the Economic Order Quantity model will be an effective tool in this case. â⬠¢ Efficiency Standard: Should reduce wastage and need to produce the right amount of breads according to sales. It is very important that all the equipments need to be up to date according to new technology bakers should be well trained. â⬠¢ Effectiveness Standard: This will help Kingslice to generate more profit and will attract more investors in to the organization. So having skilful staffs and proper equipment will help to lift up the effectiveness in Kingslice. LO1.2 Explain the need to produce safely; onShow MoreRelatedOperations Management : A Business1760 Words à |à 8 PagesIn a business, there are many important tasks a manager and his/her employeeââ¬â¢s need to uphold too. One of the most important processes while running a business is its operations management. Operations management is the fundamentals of managing and delivering the production process of all goods and services with in the business. 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This also adds into the jacquelynschmidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17222316575976121981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7011430329942508546.post-63507129686448755272019-12-15T07:15:00.001-08:002019-12-15T07:15:03.019-08:00How to write an excellent motivation letter Free Essays An important part of the application procedure for the Bachelor programme in International Business Administration (IBA) is the motivation letter. However, for many applicants this part of the application can be very daunting. To help increase your self-confidence and relieve a bit of your application stress, we have put together this short article with background information and tips on how to write a solid motivation letter here below. We will write a custom essay sample on How to write an excellent motivation letter or any similar topic only for you Order Now For the format of your motivation letter (font, line spacing, max. pages etc), please read the general guidelines. Why do we want a motivation letter? The main goal of the motivation letter is to find out if you are the kind of student we are looking for in our IBA programme. Important programme characteristics are: IBA is an international programme IBA students are high performers These characteristics are fundamental success factors of the IBA programme. It is therefore of vital importance that only students who have a real interest in studying in an international setting and are willing to actively contribute to the programme are admitted. The international dimension The importance of the international dimension of the IBA programme explains why the first of the four items covered in the motivation letter asks you to: ââ¬Å"Tell us about your international backgroundâ⬠: where were you born, where have you lived, what is your nationality, where did you go to school, in what kind of international activities have you participated. You can also write about what you feel you can add to the international dimension of the programme. Students without an international background may find this question to be quite disheartening and worry that this will put them at a disadvantage. Our advice here is not to worry. If you do not have an international background, you donââ¬â¢t have it and you cannot be blamed forà that. You may have participated in other international activities, like back-packing in Australia, a summer language course in Spain or maybe you attended an international or a bilingual secondary school. All of these types of activities can be used as examples of your ââ¬Å"international drive.â⬠Why IBA? The second item we would like you to address in your motivation letter is your ambition to study International Business Administration. Some questions to ask yourself are: Why do you want to study a business programme (and not for instance Chemistry) Why are you attracted to an international business programme? For our Dutch applicants it is very important to explain your motivation for choosing the International, English language programme as opposed to the Dutch language programme. Why IBA at RSM? In the third question you will be asked to elaborate on why you would like to be chosen to participate in the IBA programme at RSM as opposed to another university. We are interested in this because it has been proven that students who made a deliberate, well-thought out study choice, perform better and contribute more to the level of the programme. For RSM it is clear that ambitious and high-performing students influence each other in a positive way. Your future plans In the final question we ask you to tell us about your plans for the future. Honestly speaking, you cannot have a ââ¬Ëwrongââ¬â¢ plan for the future and as a young person you are not to blame if you do not have any concrete ideas at this point in your life. However, we still like to trigger your imagination with this question. In conclusion, the motivation letter for the IBA programma is an important part of your application package. It is something to be taken seriously, but also something to have fun with. Tell us who you are, what your dreams and motivations are and most importantly, why you think you should be selected for the most prestigious IBA programme in the Netherlands! How to cite How to write an excellent motivation letter, Papers jacquelynschmidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17222316575976121981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7011430329942508546.post-74340696424487124382019-12-07T03:58:00.001-08:002019-12-07T03:58:04.732-08:00Conflicts free essay sample The task conflict In functional conflict Is work toward the goals of an organization and Improves the organizations performance . The Individual can create and Increase the new Ideas and Information and learning and also can development awareness of themselves through the functional conflict Besides that, can Improve the relationship among the workers as when they facing the disagreement conflict between each other .So that, they will to accomplish together and solving the problem that can increase the relationship among the workers in the same organization and the spirit also will increase-Therefore, the key to identify the functional conflict is often cognitive that is someone will challenge old thinking of new ways to solve the problem. 2. 2. 2 Dysfunctional Conflict The dysfunction conflict is to prevent an organization or group to reach their goal and hinder the organizations performance and also destructive disagreement between two or more people.In dysfunction conflict, the people always will tend to take an action before thinking so that they have dependent on threat and trickery. We will write a custom essay sample on Conflicts or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Besides that, this conflict will also cause to an act of aggression and revenge in the employees supervisor and peers and also will caused both losses may exceed any potential gains. The conflicts are not easy to diagnose. When the person often emotional and behavioral which is a key to identify the dysfunctional conflict. jacquelynschmidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17222316575976121981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7011430329942508546.post-86576747674439331462019-11-29T15:39:00.001-08:002019-11-29T15:39:05.166-08:00Automoblie Industry essaysAutomoblie Industry essays There is no industry more present in the world-wide community than the automobile industry. The automobile has changed the lives, culture, and economy of the people and nations that manufacture and demand them. Ever since the late 1800s when the first modern car was invented by Benz and Daimler in Germany, the industry has grown into a billion dollar industry affecting so many aspects of our lives. There are more than 400 million passenger cars alone on the roads today. During the early part of the twentieth century, the United States was home to more than 90 percent of the worlds automotive industry, but has shrunk to about 20 percent in todays world. This drastic change has occurred by the booming economies in such nations as Japan, Germany, Canada, France, Italy, and other nations. The US auto industry sales totaled $205 billion, or 3.3 percent of the total Gross Domestic Product. (Tardiff 394) By the end of 19th century, there were about 500 auto manufacturers, but that number dropped sharply to 23 by 1917, and today the Big Three dominate the market. Ford, General Motors, and Chrysler make up the Big Three which account for 23 percent of the worlds motor vehicle production in 1997, with the Japanese industries coming in second, producing 21 percent. Germany produces 9 percent, Spain, France, South Korea, and Canada each produce 5 percent of the international market in 1997. In the US alone, the auto industry, which includes its 500,000 car-related businesses, create 12 million jobs. The automobile is clearly an oligopoly, but each companys control of the market has gradually diminished because of rising foreign competition. The US has three main auto manufacturers, Japan has five major producers as does Germany. Each of these companies produce differentiated versions of the same product, have control over their products prices, and rely heavily on non-price compe... jacquelynschmidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17222316575976121981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7011430329942508546.post-47743618734551254942019-11-25T18:03:00.001-08:002019-11-25T18:03:04.258-08:00Modern medicine helps to live a longer life Essay EssaysModern medicine helps to live a longer life Essay Essays Modern medicine helps to live a longer life Essay Essay Modern medicine helps to live a longer life Essay Essay Modern medical specialty helps to populate a longer life. Make you hold? The modern medical specialty is really of import for populating a long life. It is depend on new engineering. Peoples take really easy and rapidly. Besides modern medical specialty is really speedy absorbing to human organic structure. It is helps to endorse to normal for people wellness status. Therefore I agree that the modern medical specialty is helps to populate longer. First of all. the modern medical specialty can forestall incurable diseases. Doctors can happen some diseases really early. Then physicians can give suited medical specialties to patients. New modern equipments are helpsdoctors is traveling to rectify manner. Besides intelligent people in the universe live a long life on aids from modern medical specialty. That is really of import in the human society because their originative things are coming with them and they can assist others for a longer clip when they are livingin long life with comfortably. Beside. old population is increasing in the state. It is severely consequence incountryââ¬â¢s economic system and particularly for 3rd universe states. But old people are really of import in human society because their experience decidedly helps to populate safely and be aftering to new undertaking. ââ¬ËExperience is better than qualificationsââ¬â¢ However. old people are populating a long life ; it is assisting others to populate a long life because we can acquire advice from them and they are covering our civilization and society. Furthermore. modern medical specialty is being habit-forming for some people. so that they can non populate without medical specialty. They should take medicate all their lives. Besides modern medical specialty is really expensive. Therefore most of hapless states couldn? Ts take modern medical specialty and it has taken a commercial form. besides it is depending on money. In the modern medical specialty have non facts of human kindness. Peoples who have money can take modern medical specialty. But autochthonal medical specialty has good human friendly form. It does non depend on money. To sum up ; in my personal position. modern medical specialty is assisting to populate a long life with comfortably. Modern engineerings are being supported to happen unburnable diseases really early. So physicians can takecorrect way instantly. Therefore. may I non waver to hold with the above mentioned statement. jacquelynschmidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17222316575976121981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7011430329942508546.post-3364214565592903952019-11-22T01:27:00.001-08:002019-11-22T01:27:03.590-08:00Performance & reword Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 wordsPerformance & reword - Essay Example The influences could be positive or negative during this journey, but such influences also affect the future course as well and the spirit with which the team members are working decides the future course of the achievements as well. Ans-2: The contemporary job design theories outline a set of functions, components and tasks depending upon the organization settings, based upon the requirements of the organization and the capabilities of the individual. While the meta-process of finalizing minute details helps the organization in attaining the desired heights, it also helps in the individual by way of improving quality of work experience and greater freedom and flexibility (Dolan and Schuler, 1994). Therefore, positive motivations help in a better experience while negative motivations result in adversely impacting the work culture. Motivation in simplest terms can be defined as a means of providing motives. At times, the lack of any positive motivation by the managers often results in an automatic provisioning of negative motivation. How somebody makes use of his/ her efforts towards a goal is determined by the motivating/ de-motivating factors. It is through their behavior that employees give expression to their commitment to work, level of motivation and their attitudes. The performance appraisal and review process helps the management in motivating the performance levels of deserving candidates while providing an opportunity to the one's lagging behind. Organizational goals and objectives can also be achieved if the workforce is able to work with desired levels of motivation. Buyens and De Vos (2001) contend that, "strategic HRM is the linking of the HR function with strategic goals and objectives of the organization in order to improve business performance and develop organizational cultures that foster innovation and flexibility". It is worth mentioning here that the individual feel motivated when they find that their requisite needs are being fulfilled in the process. The Maslow's hierarchy of needs is an important tool to assess the needs of the people in general. Ans-3: Strategic HR management is supposed to align organizational targets with those of the individual and the teams. Mahy et al (2005) contend that a company designs its HR policies to maximize profits, for which the company makes use of job incentives. Such incentives play key role in influencing the attitude of the worker. Thus the incentives turn into profits for the company. If due attention is paid to the periodic feedbacks from the workers, it goes a long way in shaping the policies of the company and provides it an edge in taking on the competitors. For example, Coca Cola the leading icon in a range of beverage products clearly underlines the importance of synchronizing the career requirements of workers with the company's requirements. It states1, "Our Company, your career, together we grow." Considering its people as its greatest asset, the company comes out with a benefit statement which states2, "The Coca-Cola Company values the health and well-being of our employees and provides a variety of market-competitive benefits programs to address employees' benefits needs." It is indeed worth pointing out that company clearly finds a link between maximizing jacquelynschmidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17222316575976121981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7011430329942508546.post-62463396163841087192019-11-20T19:05:00.001-08:002019-11-20T19:05:03.547-08:00Macroeconomic Policies Used by the Federal Reserve Essay - 5Macroeconomic Policies Used by the Federal Reserve - Essay Example The alternative strategy actions that were set up intended to put more pressure towards the long-term interest rate achievement and to ensure that the overall monetary conditions of the country become improved. This includes bolstering the prices for residential properties and corporate equities (Kashyap & Stein, 2012, p. 266). à The Federal Reserveââ¬â¢s adoption of the open market operations involves buying of existing Treasury securities by the Federal Reserve in the secondary market (Bauer & Rudebusch, 2014, p. 234). The secondary markets are securities that have already been obtained and sold off to private investors. When buying the securities, the Federal Reserve ensures it does so but under the equivalence of an existing currency. This expands the Federal Reserveââ¬â¢s base and at the same time increases the ability of depository financial institutions to provide loans as well as expand their existing credit facilities (Bauer & Rudebusch, 2014, p. 234). à Normal open market operations involve functions are typically carried out through repurchasing agreements (Dââ¬â¢Amico & King, 2013, p. 426). If the Federal Reserve wishes to remove liquidity or add the same liquidity during the normalization period. Repos, also known as repurchase agreements are contracts signed between two or more parties to purchase securities and then repurchase the same securities at a future date and price (Dââ¬â¢Amico & King, 2013, p. 425). Repos are considered as an economic equivalent to a collateralized loan. Differences between the first and second transactions determine the interest rates accrued on the loan (Bauer & Rudebusch, 2014, p. 235). à jacquelynschmidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17222316575976121981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7011430329942508546.post-39041577157956036742019-11-18T20:30:00.001-08:002019-11-18T20:30:05.430-08:00Transfer to the University of Denver Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsTransfer to the University of Denver - Essay Example When in high school, all a teenager could think about is going to the university and doing a course which would eventually get him or her to the level of Bill Gates. However, this was not the case with me since I realized that reaching such a level included not only reading books, but also determination and passion in what one does. After some soul-searching and consultation, I was introduced to the University of Denver, in Colorado. I must say that I was stunned to know that such an institution exists. As I mentioned earlier, I longed for a place where I could live with individuals from diverse cultures, and there was not the better place than Denver University. Such an institution helps people understand others and promotes working together in society to achieve desired goals. The best part about the institution for me is that it offers Mechanical Engineering, which is a much better choice than Chemical Engineering. Mechanical engineers are more practical than chemical engineers. I noticed this while studying at the University of Colorado. Even though my GPA is lower than the required GPA standard in the University of Denver, the institution looks like a place which can motivate a person to learn and become successful academically. I have a mother who used to work extremely hard to keep me in school, but after she got diagnosed with breast cancer, every funding we had, went to her medical coverage. My mother was the breadwinner of the family, and after the diagnosis, she could not manage to keep her job. Her salary was not that much, and the best thing I can think of doing is joining an institution, which can help me attain academic prosperity so that I can look after my mother. We have managed to find a willing sponsor who wants to fund me in school. I consider that the best thing I can do is to excel academically, and there is no better place for doing this than at the University of Denver. I admire the universityââ¬â¢s principle of equal opportunity to all, and I think, if given a chance to join the institution, I would work extremely hard to be successful.à jacquelynschmidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17222316575976121981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7011430329942508546.post-3751009604205583162019-11-16T09:03:00.001-08:002019-11-16T09:03:12.970-08:00New Approaches Of Human Resource Management Business EssayNew Approaches Of Human Resource Management Business Essay Human resource Management is the backbone of organisations growth in this changing business world. Organisations are having are a large budget and a separate development for HRM due to the internationalisation and globalisation phenomen. The importance of HR in the UK has increased during the past years, which has led organisations to review their policy on handling human resource which in some case is the core competence of the organisation. The term HRM and HR have largely replaced the term personnel management in managing people in the organization. Historical development of HRM. HRM has developed over time from mere administrative role to modern role of strategic development. Strategic HRM has gained both credibility and popularity over the past decade, employee are considered as part of the overall strategy Personnel Management Human Resource Mgt. Nature of relations Focus individualistic Contractual basis Focus unitarist -vision and mission -Employees as partners in the org. Relation of power and Mgt. Centralized Top management full authority Decentralized -Power shared between top, middle and lower mgt. -TQM approach -Bottom up approach Leadership and Mgt Role Transactional Task oriented focus on procedures punishment for non compliance Transformational people oriented -focus on shared vision. Corporate culture and vision, trust and flexibility. Pay policies and Job design Based on skills and knowledge -ability to perform the job as per contract -Division of labor no value added -Job design functional based Designed to encourage continuous job performance and improvement -linked to value added -Job design teamwork and cyclical based. -Job Rotation Tesco which operates in a fiercely competitive sector has been successful by using a human resource led business strategy. Although the analysis above show more coordination between employees and employers, the fact is the working environment is more competitive for both parties. On one hand theres organisation like Tesco who is investing a huge budget for the HRM whereby the cost will be recovered through there sales that is being paid by the general public. On the otherhand employees which are with less job security dont have much choice other than to show there commitment and as well having transferable skills with the changing employment market. Human resource practitioner. HR people are the strategic database of organizations. Source (www.bized.co.uk) HR Practitioners acts as the bridge of communication flow between Mangement and employees. Sometimes heavily involved in the operational role, handling grievances and discipline while new demands are made from them. It is quite difficult to measure the effectiveness of the HR as it is so complex. The HR Practitioners should be able to: Add Value demonstrate their impact on the business Recruitment and retention Aware of labor market, recruitment source and key talent retention. Succession planning- Clear workforce development plan Turnover, change to business (technological or legal) Motivation and Engagement Demonstrate that people make a difference (Employee motivation and engagement). Employer of choice To engage the best talent and keep these people engaged. Source ( Mr Vedula Notes ) Line managers in HR practices. Line managers are responsible for group of employee normally in the lower layers of management hierarchy and these employee do not themselves have any managerial or supervisory responsibility. Line Managers Responsibility People management Managing operational costs Providing technical expertise Work allocation and Rota Monitoring and checking quality Dealing with customers/clients Measuring operational performance -performance appraisal Line managers Role In organization like Tesco they a play a vital role in terms of implementing and enacting HR policies and practices. The checkout line managers would be in better position to convince their staff for any overtime or bank holiday shift. As employees feels more positive about the relationship with their line managers. So they are more likely to have higher levels of job satisfaction, commitment and loyalty associated with better performance and discretionary behaviors. Line managers also help in structuring people actual experience of doing a job. They play a crucial role in acting upon the advice or guidance from HR ( Implentation of new legislation selling alcohol to under ages customers). Line managers control the work flow by directing and guiding the work of others. They also have to report to HR about any changes about the number of employees they need or any leavers to fill the gap for. So they always have to work in collaboration with HR. A well managed line managers are more likely to go on to lead high performing teams, therefore the support of senior management and action on the continuous development of line managers are critical. Recruitment and Selection. Recruitment is the process of Attracting, viewing and selecting competent people for a job at an organization. Source (www.1000ventures.com) HR planning and stages involved in the process. Human Resource Planning is the process of analyzing an organizations likely future needs for people in terms of numbers, skills and locations. They uses the right recruitment and training techniques to satisfy these needs. It ensures the firm has right number of people, in the right place, with the right skills at the right time. Tesco need for recruitment arises when there is new outlet opening in the UK and international expansion. There is also leavers , resigners or those who retires to be replaced. Any change in strategy, process and technology might rise to the need of more staff. In Tesco the latest one was the introduction of IT sales assistant in the shop and the self service checkout. Tesco uses a workforce planning table to establish the likely demand for new staff which are quarterly reviewed. Tesco can adjust staffing levels and Recruit accordingly to meet its strategic objectives, for example, to open new stores and maintain customer service standards. A Job description sets out Job title Job holders responsibility To whom the job holder is responsible Asimple description of roles and responsibilities. A Person specification sets out the skills, characteristics and attributes that a person needs to do a particular job. These two tools combine to make the basis for job advertisement. They help job applicants and post-holders to know what is expected of them. They should: Information to attract suitable people Checking device to select applicants with the right skills for interview Targets and standards for job performance. Process for recruitment in two organizations. Tesco internal recruitment The process looks at its internal Talent Plan, internal mgt development programme and options which lists current employees looking for a move, either at the same level or on promotion. In case none of them match their requirement Tesco advertises the post internally on its intranet for two weeks. Tesco external recruitment Tesco advertises vacancies via their website or through vacancy boards in stores. Applications are made online for managerial positions. The chosen applicants have an interview followed by attendance at an assessment centre for the final stage of the selection process. People interested in store-based jobs with Tesco can approach stores with their CV or register though Jobcentre Plus. The store prepares awaiting list of people applying in this way and calls them in as jobs become available. . Tesco will seek the most cost-effective way of attracting the right applicants. It is expensive to advertise on television and radio, and in some magazines, but sometimes this is necessary to ensure the right type of people get to learn about the vacancies. IKEA Recruitment Process Ikea developed global recruitment process, offering higher quality at lower cost by using modern technology. Ikea arrange open days for its future workers where they can chat with existing employees. Ikea recruitment strategy focuses on variety and ethics rather than pervious experience which has keep their turnover very low. Innergy (Agency) helps Ikea managing their recruitment process. BrassRing had been chosen by Ikea as its Global e recruitment platform and was implemented by ARINSO International. The recruitment process was highly manual and non consistent before. This project would allow Ikea to restructure its recruitment processes. Interview technique and selection methods. Interview technique is designed to predict future job performance on the basis of applicants oral responses to oral inquiries. Advantages Highlight communication skills , verbal and social skills Can assess knowledge Compatibility between the applicant and the employees Applicant asked question might help for selection decision .( Pay , Perk or Future studies) Flexible to gather more info. Disadvantages subjective evaluations are made decisions made on the first impression interviewers form stereotypes concerning the characteristics required for success on the job not as reliable as test Interviewers may be biased to candidate they like Interviewers may use multiple, leading ,embarrassing and provocative questions Interviewers may talk more than listening Interview technique has low reliability and low viability. Selection methods Psychometric Testing- good record and liability. Ability Test Focus on mental abilities and physical testing Inventories Self report questionnaires interests, aptitudes and preferences E-assessment Testing anytime and anywhere Loss of control over administration of test Assessment centers Provide fuller picture combining a range of technique Selection practices and procedures in two organisations. Selection involves choosing the most suitable people from those that apply for a vacancy, whilst keeping to employment laws and regulations. Screening candidates is vital within the selection process ens8uring the best candidate fit the gap. Line managers for the job often take part in the interview to make sure that the candidate fits the job requirements. Tesco selection external management stages IKEA recruits people based on fact they will be suitable on the culture. As stated above the selection process is mostly carried out by agency but within IKEA there are development methods which include training, coaching and performance management. As such creating a source of internal recruitment as Tesco has, but the process of external recruitment is carried out by the agencies mostly Procedures for monitoring and rewarding the employee. Employers have always monitored their staff in one way or another because they have always needed to be able to check the quality and quantity of their employees work. Helping to identify the need for training, refresher courses or appraisal. Job evaluation and factors determining pay.. A method of determining on a systematic basis the relative importance of a number of different jobs used when: Determining pay and grading structures Ensuring a fair and equal pay system Ranking. Jobs are compared to each other based on the overall worth of the job to the organization. Advantages Simple. Very effective for few jobs Disadvantages Difficult to administer -jobs increases. Rank judgments are subjective. Process to be repeated for each new job to be filled. Classification Jobs are classified into an existing grade/category structure or hierarchy Advantages Simple. The grade/category structure exists independent of the jobs. Classification easier than the Ranking Method. Disadvantages Classification judgments are subjective. The standard used for comparison biases Some jobs may appear to fit within more than one grade/category Factor Comparison A set of compensable factors are identified as determining the worth of jobs: Skill Responsibilities Effort Working Conditions Advantages The value of job- monetary terms. Applied to a wide range of jobs. Applied to newly created jobs. Disadvantages Judgments are subjective. The standard used for determining the pay for each factor may have build in biases The point method Each factor is then divided into levels or degrees which are then assigned points. The points for each factor are summed to form a total point score for the job. Jobs are then grouped by total point score and assigned to wage/salary grades Advantages The value of job monetary terms. Applied to a wide range of jobs. Applied to newly created jobs. Disadvantages Judgments are subjective. The standard used for determining the pay for each factor may have built-in biases Reward system. Rewards can be categorized in the above matrix. As well as competitive salaries at all levels, in every area of the business, Tesco also offer a whole package of other ways to help you make more of your money, safeguard your future and look after your health. Motivational theory and reward. National Business Awards, the company just chosen as Employer of the Year was Tesco. In their citation the judges said that Tesco was voted Employer of the Year because its solutions were seen to be more holistic, Tesco have invested à £12m this year alone in training schemes Tescos Employee Reward Program has some similarity to Taylors theory. Its financial reward packages are a motivating factor. At Tesco the Mayo theory is seen to be operating throughout the company. Communication is an extremely important factor in motivating employees. In 1959 Frederick Herzberg developed the Two-Factor theory of motivation Abraham Maslow argued that humans are motivated by five essential needs Tesco promote new and more open lines of communication between managers and staff Directors and senior managers spend a week on the shop floor listening to ideas and suggestions from customers and staff; A talent spotting scheme to fast-track shop-floor workers up the promotional ladder A better understanding of individual employee circumstances. The result of all these initiatives is that Tesco is continuing to show record sales growth and profits .Employees highly trained are demonstrating commitment to the organisation and feels valued within the overall strategy. This if felt by customer with a higher level of service which gives organisation added value and prestige. Organizations approaches to monitoring performance. Tescos purpose is to serve its customers. Tescos organizational structure has the customer at the top. Tesco needs people with the right skills at each level of this structure. There are six work levels within the organization. Each level requires particular skills and behaviors. Work level 1 frontline jobs ability to work accurately and with enthusiasm and to interact well with others. Work level 2 Team leaders the ability to manage resources, to set targets, to manage and motivate others. Work level 3 running an operating unit management skills, including planning, target setting and reporting. Work level 4 supporting operating units and recommending strategic change. Business knowledge, analytical skills and to make decisions, and the ability to lead others. Work level 5 responsible for the performance of Tesco as a whole. ability to lead and direct others, and to make major decisions. Work level 6 creating the purpose, values and goals for Tesco plc. a good overview of retailing, and the ability to build a vision for the future and lead the whole organization. Rights and procedure on exit from an organisation. Evaluation of exit procedures and compare to best practice. When skills are relatively scarce, recruitment is costly and it takes several weeks to fill a gap the level of turnover is likely to be problematic for the org. The operation of an Exit Procedure is extremely important as it helps the company To identify and correct hidden organizational and management problems It enables the organisation to comply with its legal duty to monitor the reasons why people is leaving It helps to ensure the return of Company property It enables a proper handover of work and administrative matters to take place to examine the reasons why people are leaving to identify whether any improvements in employment practice could be made UW-EXTENSION ADMINISTRATIVE POLICY UW-EXTENSION EXIT POLICY AND PROCEDURES Resignation: If an employee decides to leave employment with Extension, the employee is responsible for providing adequate written notice The employee will receive written confirmation of the resignation from the hiring Exit Questionnaire: All separating employees shall complete an Exit Questionnaire,available from the supervisor or divisional personnel representative, and bring thecompleted questionnaire to the exit interview Exit Interviews: Prior to the last day worked, an exiting employee will have an exit interview. theemployee and supervisor are encouraged to discuss any matters of interest.Information collected during the Exit Interview Process shall be confidential and will notbe used in any way to reflect upon the exiting employee Exit interview data shall be compiled, summarized, and reported to the ExecutiveCommittee on a quarterly basis Other Out-Processing Procedures Matters to be reviewed or collected at this time are: Keys and key cards. Computer access authorization codes. Telephone cards or ID cards. Corporate credit cards. Forwarding address. Identification cards/badges. Return Employee Handbook. Arrange last paycheck and vacation pay.* Insurance conversion and benefits continuation rights.* Tesco exit procedures is not so complex as UW as the nature of the workforce they have is different. They have staffs on temporary contract, part timers and on flexible hours. They do conduct a view point every six months to monitor the workforce concern and appreciation and there is a clause of intended stay with Tesco. Their every little helps slogan is part of the ethos and culture in Tesco. In the SBUS exit interviews are commonly performed in person with the departing employee. More often talking with the departing employee to more completely explore and understand his or her views during the exit interview. Criteria for redundancy selection The selection criteria used by the employer must be carefully and exactly defined so that they can be fairly and consistently applied to each employee. The criteria must also be agreed by the employees representatives Redundancy selection criteria. It must be objective, non-discriminatory and applied consistently. A pool of employees, all or some of whom will eventually be made redundant. Selection criteria for redundancy may be: Skills, qualifications and aptitude these can help keep a balanced workforce. Standard of work performance with this method, you need to provide supporting objective evidence, for example from the business appraisal system. Adaptability it may be important for your business that employees accept different types of work as needs change. Attendance/disciplinary record you must apply this method consistently, and be sure your records are accurate and that you understand the reasons for absences. Length of service -last in, first out, The following criteria are considered unfair and can give rise to claims under Unfair Dismissal or the relevant discrimination laws: trade union reasons carrying out duties relating to redundancy, as an elected representative of the employees maternity grounds sex, race or disability grounds Conclusion. Tesco has been very successful over the past years by a fully intergrated HR department and as such demonstrated a model implementation of HR. The big picture of Tesco strategy is discussed with all employees thus clarifying their role and importance in the organization. The HR department in Tesco is proactive which has allowed the organization to focus on Human resource with such practices with training issues. They perform their task with the Tesco Steering Wheel Strategy and practicing a total quality approach throughout the organization. jacquelynschmidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17222316575976121981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7011430329942508546.post-65351119692122145302019-11-13T21:34:00.001-08:002019-11-13T21:34:05.346-08:00Morals and Ethics in the Movie Wall Street Essay -- Film Movie Wall StMorals and Ethics in the Movie Wall Street The movie 'Wall Street' is a representation of poor morals and dissapointing business ethics in the popular world of business. This movie shows the negative effects that bad business morals can have on society. The two main characters are Bud Fox played by Charlie Sheen and Gordon Gekko played by Michael Douglas. Bud Fox is a young stockbroker who comes from an honest working-class family but on the other hand, Gordon Gekko is a millionaire who Bud admires and wants to be associated with. Greed seems to be a huge theme of this movie. This movie portrays the unethical society we live in. It shows how money oriented society has become and that people will do almost anything to get ahead. Competitiveness has become such a widespread game all over the country, especially in big cities. At the start of Wall Street, Bud Fox is young and insecure about the business world. Bud is a broker seeking new clients and offering second-hand advice regarding the buying and selling of stock. Bud was faced with a choice that would change his life. He was so sure he wanted to be involved with Gordon Gekko that he was willing to do whatever it took to be a part of his immoral scheme. It only took about five minutes for Bud to agree to give insider information about stocks to Gekko in order to become more lucrative and manipulative at the same time. Bud wants to sell him stocks, and hopefully one day be like he is. Bud is obviously desperate to d... jacquelynschmidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17222316575976121981noreply@blogger.com0